ЯЗЫК И КУЛЬТУРА: ТРУДНОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ

Abstract

The article explores the close relationship between language and culture and analyzes the main challenges that arise when translating nationally specific cultural elements. Particular attention is given to the problem of untranslatable words and expressions, which embody the unique worldview of a nation and often lack direct equivalents in other languages. The study reviews theoretical approaches proposed by Russian and foreign scholars such as L. S. Barkhudarov, V. N. Komissarov, and A. D. Schweitzer, and classifies cultural realities into geographic, ethnographic, and socio-political categories. Various translation strategies are compared – transliteration, descriptive translation, calque, functional analogue, and combined methods – with examples illustrating their advantages and limitations. The author concludes that successful translation of culturally marked elements requires not only linguistic competence but also deep intercultural awareness, since the translator acts as a mediator between civilizations, bridging linguistic and cultural gaps through creative adaptation