RUHIY HOLAT BIRLIKLARINING SEMANTIK KO‘PQATLAMLILIGI VA INGLIZCHAGA TARJIMADA TIKLANISH STRATEGIYALARI

Abstract

This article examines equivalence and adequacy issues in translating psycho-emotional units (lexical and phraseological expressions of a character’s inner state) from Uzbek literary texts into English. The study argues that such units are semantically multilayered – combining denotative meaning with connotation, stylistic coloring, pragmatic effect, and culture-specific codes—therefore the translator’s task cannot be reduced to finding dictionary matches. Instead, the translator must reconstruct the emotional-expressive background that animates the character’s “inner portrait” in the target text. The analysis is based on selected examples from Abdulla Qodiriy’s O‘tkan kunlar in Mark E. Reese’s English translation (Bygone Days) and Cho‘lpon’s Kecha va kunduz in Christopher Fort’s translation (Night and Day). Psycho-emotional units are classified into four groups: (1) direct emotion-naming lexemes; (2) indirect context-driven state markers; (3) somatic-psychological metaphors centered on “heart/soul” imagery; and (4) intonational-syntactic devices that intensify tension. The findings show that English translations frequently rely on modulation, paraphrase, expressive amplification, compensation, and functional equivalents to achieve adequacy, while literal correspondence often fails to produce a natural and equally impactful reading. The conclusion emphasizes that the principle of the “closest natural equivalent” is inseparable from preserving style and reader impact in the translation of psychoemotional meanings.